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PLN to AUD Live Rate

Last updated June, 09 04:07 (GMT -4:00)

1 PLN = 0.3587 AUD

Prev. Close: 0.3565 Day's Range: 0.3586 - 0.3600

zł

PLN

AUD

PLN Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Exchange	Rate	Last day
PLN to GBP rate	0.19206 ▲	0.1919
PLN to EUR rate	0.22363 ▲	0.2235
PLN to AUD rate	0.35847 ▼	0.3592
PLN to CAD rate	0.32128 ▼	0.3222
PLN to USD rate	0.24087 ▼	0.241
PLN to NZD rate	0.39491 ▼	0.3954
PLN to TRY rate	5.66447 ▲	5.6735
PLN to DKK rate	1.66659 ▲	1.6655
PLN to AED rate	0.884 ▼	0.8853
PLN to NOK rate	2.60985 ▼	2.6289
PLN to SEK rate	2.60702 ▲	2.6046
PLN to CHF rate	0.21691 ▲	0.2167
PLN to JPY rate	33.63663 ▲	33.503
PLN to HKD rate	1.88897 ▼	1.8889
PLN to MXN rate	4.18775 ▼	4.1906
PLN to SGD rate	0.3234 ▼	0.3237
PLN to ZAR rate	4.53405 ▼	4.5459

Economic indicators of Poland and Australia

Indicator	Poland	Australia
Private Consumption	431,207 Mil. PLN, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	314,124 Mil. AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4
Nominal GDP	873,852 Mil. PLN, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	631,402 Mil. AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4
Investment	249,310 Mil. PLN, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	424,279,000,000 NCU, Annual; 2017
Real GDP	558,777 Mil. Ch. 2015 PLN, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q2	555,690 Mil. Ch. FY 2021 AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4
Consumer Price Index (CPI)	248.4 1998=100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	132.6 Index FY 2012=100, NSA, Quarterly; 2023 Q1
Producer Price Index (PPI)	99.3 Previous month=100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	124.4 Index FY 2012=100, NSA, Quarterly; 2023 Q1
Unemployment Rate	5.2 Percent, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	5.59 % of total labor force, Annual; 2017
Exports of Goods	31,421 Mil. USD, NSA, Monthly; Mar 2023	59,299 Mil. AUD, SA, Monthly; Mar 2023
Imports of Goods	32,070 Mil. USD, NSA, Monthly; Mar 2023	-44,029 Mil. AUD, SA, Monthly; Mar 2023
Net Exports	13,230 Mil. PLN, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q2	40,904 Mil. AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4
Lending Rate	6.75 % p.a., NSA, Daily; 31 May 2023	4.8 % p.a., NSA, Monthly; Nov 2019
House Price Index	171.89 Index 2010=100, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	195.45 Index FY 2012=100, SA, Quarterly; 2021 Q4
Retail Sales	92.7 Index corr. per. prv. yr. = 100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	35,262 Mil. AUD, SA, Monthly; Apr 2023
Consumer Confidence	-13.2 SA, Monthly; Apr 2023	79.01 Index, SA, Monthly; May 2023
Real Private Consumption	-	288,104 Mil. Ch. FY 2021 AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4
Personal Income	-	17,189 Mil. Ch. FY 2021 AUD, SA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4

PLN to AUD Historical Rates(table)

Date	Open	Highest	Lowest	Close
PLN to AUD (2023-06-09)	0.3588	0.3591	0.3600	0.3586
PLN to AUD (2023-06-08)	0.3586	0.3584	0.3592	0.3560
PLN to AUD (2023-06-07)	0.3583	0.3581	0.3590	0.3565
PLN to AUD (2023-06-06)	0.3578	0.3618	0.3622	0.3566
PLN to AUD (2023-06-05)	0.3615	0.3608	0.3630	0.3599
PLN to AUD (2023-06-02)	0.3604	0.3624	0.3628	0.3597
PLN to AUD (2023-06-01)	0.3622	0.3631	0.3639	0.3605
PLN to AUD (2023-05-31)	0.3628	0.3630	0.3643	0.3616
PLN to AUD (2023-05-30)	0.3627	0.3624	0.3642	0.3608
PLN to AUD (2023-05-29)	0.3621	0.3624	0.3636	0.3614
PLN to AUD (2023-05-26)	0.3629	0.3659	0.3669	0.3619
PLN to AUD (2023-05-25)	0.3656	0.3648	0.3664	0.3636
PLN to AUD (2023-05-24)	0.3643	0.3631	0.3667	0.3623
PLN to AUD (2023-05-23)	0.3629	0.3610	0.3636	0.3602
PLN to AUD (2023-05-22)	0.3607	0.3580	0.3619	0.3572
PLN to AUD (2023-05-19)	0.3577	0.3578	0.3596	0.3562
PLN to AUD (2023-05-18)	0.3578	0.3601	0.3618	0.3574
PLN to AUD (2023-05-17)	0.3598	0.3639	0.3650	0.3595
PLN to AUD (2023-05-16)	0.3636	0.3604	0.3641	0.3596
PLN to AUD (2023-05-15)	0.3602	0.3613	0.3620	0.3593
PLN to AUD (2023-05-12)	0.3609	0.3588	0.3621	0.3583
PLN to AUD (2023-05-11)	0.3586	0.3586	0.3599	0.3574
PLN to AUD (2023-05-10)	0.3583	0.3562	0.3595	0.3556
PLN to AUD (2023-05-09)	0.3560	0.3557	0.3569	0.3543

PLN to AUD Handy Conversion

1 PLN = 0.359 AUD

2 PLN = 0.717 AUD

3 PLN = 1.076 AUD

4 PLN = 1.435 AUD

5 PLN = 1.794 AUD

6 PLN = 2.152 AUD

7 PLN = 2.511 AUD

8 PLN = 2.87 AUD

9 PLN = 3.228 AUD

10 PLN = 3.587 AUD

15 PLN = 5.381 AUD

20 PLN = 7.174 AUD

25 PLN = 8.968 AUD

50 PLN = 17.935 AUD

100 PLN = 35.87 AUD

200 PLN = 71.74 AUD

250 PLN = 89.675 AUD

500 PLN = 179.35 AUD

750 PLN = 269.025 AUD

1000 PLN = 358.7 AUD

1500 PLN = 538.05 AUD

2000 PLN = 717.4 AUD

5000 PLN = 1793.5 AUD

10000 PLN = 3587 AUD

Comparison between Poland and Australia

Background comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Poland	Australia
Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed and with large investments in defense, energy, and other infrastructure, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.	Prehistoric settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession of the east coast in the name of Great Britain (all of Australia was claimed as British territory in 1829 with the creation of the colony of Western Australia). Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the Allied effort in World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its location in one of the fastest growing regions of the world economy. Long-term concerns include an aging population, pressure on infrastructure, and environmental issues such as floods, droughts, and bushfires. Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, making it particularly vulnerable to the challenges of climate change. Australia is home to 10 per cent of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world.

Poland

Australia

Poland's history as a state began near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in Central and Eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force with over 10 million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed and with large investments in defense, energy, and other infrastructure, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.

Prehistoric settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession of the east coast in the name of Great Britain (all of Australia was claimed as British territory in 1829 with the creation of the colony of Western Australia). Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the Allied effort in World Wars I and II.

In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive, advanced market economy due in large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980s and its location in one of the fastest growing regions of the world economy. Long-term concerns include an aging population, pressure on infrastructure, and environmental issues such as floods, droughts, and bushfires. Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, making it particularly vulnerable to the challenges of climate change. Australia is home to 10 per cent of the world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world.

Geography comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Location	Central Europe, east of Germany	Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates	52 00 N, 20 00 E	27 00 S, 133 00 E
Map references	Europe	Oceania
Area	total: 312,685 sq km land: 304,255 sq km water: 8,430 sq km country comparison to the world: 71	total: 7,741,220 sq km land: 7,682,300 sq km water: 58,920 sq km note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island country comparison to the world: 7
Land boundaries	total: 3,071 km border countries (7): Belarus 418 km, Czech Republic 796 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 104 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 535 km	0 km
Coastline	440 km	25,760 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate	temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers	generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain	mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border	mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Elevation	mean elevation: 173 m elevation extremes: lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m highest point: Rysy 2,499 m	mean elevation: 330 m elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m
Natural resources	coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land	bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum note: Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports
Land use	agricultural land: 48.2% arable land 36.2%; permanent crops 1.3%; permanent pasture 10.7% forest: 30.6% other: 21.2% (2011 est.)	agricultural land: 53.4% arable land 6.2%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 47.1% forest: 19.3% other: 27.3% (2014 est.)
Irrigated land	970 sq km (2012)	25,500 sq km (2012)
Population - distribution	population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk	population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback", has a very sparse population
Natural hazards	flooding	cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires volcanism: volcanic activity on Heard and McDonald Islands
Environment - current issues	decreased emphasis on heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-communist governments has improved environment; air pollution remains serious because of emissions from coal-fired power plants and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes	soil erosion from overgrazing, deforestation, industrial development, urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural freshwater resources; drought, overfishing, pollution, and invasive species are also problems
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94	party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note	historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain	world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the largest country in Oceania, the largest country entirely in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest country without land borders; the only continent without glaciers; population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most consistent winds in the world

People comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Population	38,476,269 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 36	23,232,413 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 56
Nationality	noun: Pole(s) adjective: Polish	noun: Australian(s) adjective: Australian
Ethnic groups	Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% note: represents ethnicity declared first (2011 est.)	English 25.9%, Australian 25.4%, Irish 7.5%, Scottish 6.4%, Italian 3.3%, German 3.2%, Chinese 3.1%, Indian 1.4%, Greek 1.4%, Dutch 1.2%, other 15.8% (includes Australian aboriginal .5%), unspecified 5.4% note: data represent self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents reported two ancestries (2011 est.)
Languages	Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3% note: data represents the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)	English 76.8%, Mandarin 1.6%, Italian 1.4%, Arabic 1.3%, Greek 1.2%, Cantonese 1.2%, Vietnamese 1.1%, other 10.4%, unspecified 5% (2011 est.)
Religions	Catholic 87.2% (includes Roman Catholic 86.9% and Greek Catholic, Armenian Catholic, and Byzantine-Slavic Catholic .3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentacostal), other 0.4% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Mormon), unspecified 10.8% (2012 est.)	Protestant 23.1% (Anglican 13.3%, Uniting Church 3.7%, Presbyterian and Reformed 2.3%, Baptist 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.1%, Lutheran .7%, other Protestant .5%), Roman Catholic 22.6%, other Christian 4.2%, Muslim 2.6%, Buddhist 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3% (Eastern Orthodox 2.1%, Oriental Orthodox .2%), Hindu 1.9%, other 1.3%, none 30.1%, unspecified 9.6% (2016 est.)
Dependency ratios	total dependency ratio: 43.9 youth dependency ratio: 21.4 elderly dependency ratio: 22.5 potential support ratio: 4.5 (2015 est.)	total dependency ratio: 51.1 youth dependency ratio: 28.5 elderly dependency ratio: 22.6 potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)
Median age	total: 40.7 years male: 39 years female: 42.4 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 47	total: 38.7 years male: 37.9 years female: 39.5 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 58
Population growth rate	-0.13% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 206	1.03% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 110
Birth rate	9.5 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 202	12.1 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Death rate	10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 33	7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 119
Net migration rate	-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 118	5.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 21
Population distribution	population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk	population is primarily located on the periphery, with the highest concentration of people residing in the southeast; a secondary population center is located in and around Perth in the west; of the States and Territories, New South Wales has, by far, the largest population; the interior, or "outback", has a very sparse population
Urbanization	urban population: 60.5% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: 0.02% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)	urban population: 89.7% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: 1.37% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) note: data include Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, and Norfolk Island
Major urban areas - population	WARSAW (capital) 1.722 million; Krakow 760,000 (2015)	Sydney 4.505 million; Melbourne 4.203 million; Brisbane 2.202 million; Perth 1.861 million; Adelaide 1.256 million; CANBERRA (capital) 423,000 (2015)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2017 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth	27.4 years (2014 est.)	28.7 years (2014 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio	3 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 182	6 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 166
Infant mortality rate	total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 182	total: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 184
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 77.8 years male: 73.9 years female: 81.8 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 67	total population: 82.3 years male: 79.8 years female: 84.9 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 14
Total fertility rate	1.35 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 215	1.77 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 156
Health expenditures	6.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 97	9.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 32
Physicians density	2.29 physicians/1,000 population (2015)	3.5 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
Hospital bed density	6.5 beds/1,000 population (2013)	3.8 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Drinking water source	improved: urban: 99.3% of population rural: 96.9% of population total: 98.3% of population unimproved: urban: 0.7% of population rural: 3.1% of population total: 1.7% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access	improved: urban: 97.5% of population rural: 96.7% of population total: 97.2% of population unimproved: urban: 2.5% of population rural: 3.3% of population total: 2.8% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate	NA	0.1% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 100
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS	NA	25,000 (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 69
HIV/AIDS - deaths	NA	<500 (2016 est.)
Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: intermediate vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2016)	-
Obesity - adult prevalence rate	23.1% (2016) country comparison to the world: 69	29% (2016) country comparison to the world: 27
Education expenditures	4.9% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 65	5.2% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 56
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.8% male: 99.9% female: 99.7% (2015 est.)	-
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)	total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 17 years (2013)	total: 20 years male: 20 years female: 21 years (2014)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24	total: 20.8% male: 20.7% female: 20.9% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 62	total: 12.7% male: 13.9% female: 11.4% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 104
Contraceptive prevalence rate	-	67.8% note: percent of women aged 18-45 (2011)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight	-	0.2% (2007) country comparison to the world: 138

Government comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Poland conventional short form: Poland local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska local short form: Polska etymology: name derives from the Polanians, a west Slavic tribe that united several surrounding Slavic groups (9th-10th centuries A.D.) and who passed on their name to the country; the name of the tribe likely comes from the Slavic "pole" (field or plain), indicating the flat nature of their country	conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia conventional short form: Australia etymology: the name Australia derives from the Latin "australis" meaning "southern"; the Australian landmass was long referred to as "Terra Australis" or the Southern Land
Government type	parliamentary republic	parliamentary democracy (Federal Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital	name: Warsaw geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October	name: Canberra geographic coordinates: 35 16 S, 149 08 E time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends first Sunday in April note: Australia has three time zones
Administrative divisions	16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie (Lodz), Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie (Opole), Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie (Holy Cross), Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)	6 states and 2 territories; Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia
Independence	11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)	1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)
National holiday	Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)	Australia Day (commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers), 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorates the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
Constitution	history: several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997 amendments: proposed by at least one-fifth of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the president of the republic; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Sejm and absolute majority vote in the Senate; amendments to articles relating to sovereignty, personal freedoms, and constitutional amendment procedures also require passage by majority vote in a referendum; amended 2006, 2009, 2015 (2016)	history: approved in a series of referenda 1898 through 1900, became law 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage requires approval of a referendum bill by absolute majority vote in both houses of Parliament, approval in a referendum by a majority of voters in at least four states and in the territories, and Royal Assent; proposals that would reduce a state’s representation in either house or change a state’s boundaries require that state’s approval prior to Royal Assent; amended several times, last in 1977 (2017)
Legal system	civil law system; judicial review of legislative, administrative, and other governmental acts; constitutional law rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final	common law system based on the English model
International law organization participation	accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction	accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Poland dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen or permanent resident of Australia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 4 years
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch	chief of state: President Andrzej DUDA (since 6 August 2015) head of government: Prime Minister Mateusz MORAWIECKI (since 11 December 2017); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage Piotr GLINSKI (since 16 November 2015), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Science and Higher Education Jaroslaw GOWIN (since 16 November 2015), Beata SZYDLO, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Policy (since 11 December 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, appointed by the president, and approved by the Sejm elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 May 2015 with a second round on 24 May 2015 (next to be held in May 2020); prime minister, deputy prime ministers, and Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm election results: Andrzej DUDA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Andrzej DUDA (independent) 51.5%, Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (independent) 48.5%	chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Gen. Sir Peter COSGROVE (since 28 March 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Malcolm TURNBULL (since 15 September 2015) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and sworn in by the governor general elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor general
Legislative branch	description: bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms) and the Sejm (460 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote with a 5% threshold of total votes cast for a party to gain a seat; members serve 4-year terms); note - the designation National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the 2 houses meet jointly note: all minorities are exempt from the 5% threshold requirement for seats to the Sejm elections: Senate - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October or November 2019); Sejm - last held on 25 October 2015 (next to be held in October or November 2019) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PiS 61, PO 34, PSL 1, independent 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PiS 37.6%, PO 24.1%, K15 8.8%, N 7.6%, PSL 5.1% other 16.8%; seats by party - PiS 235, PO 138, K15 42, N 28, PSL 16, German minority 1	description: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats; 12 members from each of the 6 states and 2 each from the 2 mainland territories; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of state membership renewed every 3 years and territory membership renewed every 3 years) and the House of Representatives (150 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by majority preferential vote; members serve terms of up to 3 years) elections: Senate - last held on 2 July 2016 (next to be held in 2019); House of Representatives - last held on 2 July 2016; this election represents a rare double dissolution where all 226 seats in both the Senate and House of Representatives are up for reelection election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National Coalition 35.2%, ALP 29.8%, the Greens 8.7%, Pauline Hanson's One Nation 4.3%, Nick Xenophon Team 3.3%, other 18.7%; seats by party - Liberal/National Coalition 30, ALP 26, The Greens 9, Pauline Hanson's One Nation 4, Nick Xenophon Team 3, other 4; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Liberal/National Coalition 42%, ALP 34.7%, The Greens 10.2%, Nick Xenophon Team 1.9%. Katter's Australian Party 0.5%, independent 2.8%, other 7.8%; seats by party - Liberal/National Coalition 76, ALP 69, The Greens 1, Katter's Australian Party 1, Nick Xenophon Team 1, independent 2
Judicial branch	highest court(s): Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the president of the Supreme Court and 116 justices organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and military chambers) judge selection and term of office: president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judiciary Council, and appointed by the president of Poland; judges appointed until retirement, usually at age 65, but tenure can be extended subordinate courts: Constitutional Tribunal; State Tribunal; administrative courts; regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts	highest court(s): High Court of Australia (consists of 7 justices, including the chief justice); note - each of the 6 states, 2 territories, and Norfolk Island has a Supreme Court; the High Court is the final appellate court beyond the state and territory supreme courts judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the governor-general in council for life with mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: subordinate courts: subordinate courts at the federal level: Federal Court; Federal Magistrates' Courts of Australia; Family Court; subordinate courts at the state and territory level: Local Court - New South Wales; Magistrates' Courts – Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania, Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory; District Courts – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia; County Court – Victoria; Family Court – Western Australia; Court of Petty Sessions – Norfolk Island
Political parties and leaders	Civic Platform or PO [Grzegorz SCHETYNA] Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wlodzimierz CZARZASTY] German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA] Kukiz 15 or K15 [Pawel KUKIZ] Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI] Liberty (formerly the Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic-Liberty and Hope or KORWiN) [Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE] Nowoczesna ("Modern") or N [Katarzyna LUBNAUER] Polish People's Party or PSL [Wladyslaw KOSINIAK-KAMYSZ] Razem (Together) [collective leadership]	Australian Greens Party [Richard DI NATALE] Australian Labor Party [Bill SHORTEN] Country Liberal Party or CLP [Gary HIGGINS] Liberal National Party of Queensland or LNP [Deborah FRECKLINGTON] Liberal Party of Australia [Malcolm TURNBULL] The Nationals [Michael MCCORMACK] Nick Xenophon Team [Nick XENOPHON] Pauline Hanson’s One Nation [Pauline HANSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders	All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ [Jan GUZ] (trade union) Independent Self-Governing Trade Union or Solidarity [Piotr DUDA] Roman Catholic Church [Archbishop Wojciech POLAK, Archbishop Stanislaw GADECKI]	business groups, environmental groups, social groups, trade unions
International organization participation	Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC	ADB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CP, EAS, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF, SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Piotr Antoni WILCZEK (since 18 January 2017) chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 499-1700 FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York	chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph Benedict HOCKEY (since 28 January 2016) chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000 FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Paul Wayne JONES (since 7 October 2015) embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000 FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688 consulate(s) general: Krakow	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James CAROUSO (since September 2016) embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 mailing address: APO AP 96549 telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600 FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970 consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Flag description	two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field note: similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white	blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as the Commonwealth or Federation Star, representing the federation of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and external territories; on the fly half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small, five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
National symbol(s)	white crowned eagle; national colors: white, red	Commonwealth Star (seven-pointed Star of Federation), golden wattle tree; national colors: green, gold
National anthem	name: "Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka) lyrics/music: Jozef WYBICKI/traditional note: adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as "Jeszcze Polska nie zginela" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied	name: "Advance Australia Fair" lyrics/music: Peter Dodds McCORMICK note: adopted 1984; although originally written in the late 19th century, the anthem was not used for all official occasions until 1984; as a Commonwealth country, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" is also played at Royal functions (see United Kingdom)
Dependent areas	-	Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island

Economy comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Economy - overview	Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government’s loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth. The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government’s ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU’s 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland’s economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending. Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.	Following two decades of continuous growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable financial system, Australia enters 2018 facing a range of growth constraints, principally driven by the sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities. Demand for resources and energy from Asia and especially China is growing at a slower pace and sharp drops in export prices have impacted growth. The services sector is the largest part of the Australian economy, accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of jobs. Australia was comparatively unaffected by the global financial crisis as the banking system has remained strong and inflation is under control. Australia benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trade in recent years, although this trend has reversed due to falling global commodity prices. Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas Project, will significantly expand the resources sector. Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. The process of opening up has increased productivity, stimulated growth, and made the economy more flexible and dynamic. Australia plays an active role in the WTO, APEC, the G20, and other trade forums. Australia’s free trade agreement (FTA) with China entered into force in 2015, adding to existing FTAs with the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia continues to negotiate bilateral agreements with Indonesia, as well as larger agreements with its Pacific neighbors and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership that includes the 10 ASEAN countries and China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and India.
GDP (purchasing power parity)	$1.111 trillion (2017 est.) $1.07 trillion (2016 est.) $1.042 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 25	$1.235 trillion (2017 est.) $1.209 trillion (2016 est.) $1.179 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 20
GDP (official exchange rate)	$510 billion (2017 est.)	$1.39 trillion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	3.8% (2017 est.) 2.6% (2016 est.) 3.9% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 78	2.2% (2017 est.) 2.5% (2016 est.) 2.4% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 146
GDP - per capita (PPP)	$29,300 (2017 est.) $28,200 (2016 est.) $27,400 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 66	$49,900 (2017 est.) $49,600 (2016 est.) $49,100 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 28
Gross national saving	19% of GDP (2017 est.) 19.4% of GDP (2016 est.) 19.9% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 96	22.3% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 22.1% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 72
GDP - composition, by end use	household consumption: 58.8% government consumption: 18.1% investment in fixed capital: 17.8% investment in inventories: 0.8% exports of goods and services: 56.2% imports of goods and services: -51.8% (2017 est.)	household consumption: 57.1% government consumption: 19% investment in fixed capital: 24.2% investment in inventories: 0% exports of goods and services: 20.5% imports of goods and services: -20.8% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin	agriculture: 2.4% industry: 40.2% services: 64.3% (2017 est.)	agriculture: 3.6% industry: 26.1% services: 70.3% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products	potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy	wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry
Industries	machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles	mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel
Industrial production growth rate	4.2% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 64	1% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 170
Labor force	17.6 million (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 37	12.91 million (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 45
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 11.5% industry: 30.4% services: 57.6% (2015 est.)	agriculture: 3.6% industry: 21.1% services: 75.3% (2009 est.)
Unemployment rate	4.8% (2017 est.) 6.2% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 65	5.6% (2017 est.) 5.7% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Population below poverty line	17.6% (2015 est.)	NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 3% highest 10%: 23.9% (2015 est.)	lowest 10%: 2% highest 10%: 25.4% (1994 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index	30.8 (2015 est.) 33.7 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 126	30.3 (2008 est.) 35.2 (1994 est.) country comparison to the world: 132
Budget	revenues: $90.8 billion expenditures: $102.2 billion (2017 est.)	revenues: $461 billion expenditures: $484.9 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues	17.8% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 171	33.2% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 66
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)	-2.2% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 93	-1.7% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 73
Public debt	46.2% of GDP (2017 est.) 48.4% of GDP (2016 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions country comparison to the world: 115	47.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 46.6% of GDP (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 111
Fiscal year	calendar year	1 July - 30 June
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	1.9% (2017 est.) -0.6% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 87	2% (2017 est.) 1.3% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 89
Central bank discount rate	1.5% (31 December 2017 est.) 2% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 123	3% (28 February 2013 est.) 4.35% (31 December 2010 est.) note: this is the Reserve Bank of Australia's "cash rate target," or policy rate country comparison to the world: 107
Commercial bank prime lending rate	4.8% (31 December 2017 est.) 4.74% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 148	5.3% (31 December 2017 est.) 5.42% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 140
Stock of narrow money	$255.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $195.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 21	$271.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $243.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Stock of broad money	$374.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $300.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 30	$1.586 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.415 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 12
Stock of domestic credit	$413.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $336.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 31	$2.336 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 12
Market value of publicly traded shares	$261.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $277.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $351.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 30	$1.187 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) $1.289 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) $1.366 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 13
Current account balance	$-4.958 billion (2017 est.) $-959 million (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 175	$-21.68 billion (2017 est.) $-33.31 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 192
Exports	$221.4 billion (2017 est.) $195.7 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 26	$224.5 billion (2017 est.) $191.7 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Exports - commodities	machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)	iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, beef, aluminum ores and conc, wheat, meat (excluding beef), wool, alumina, alcohol
Exports - partners	Germany 27.3%, UK 6.6%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.4%, Italy 4.8%, Netherlands 4.5% (2016)	China 30.5%, Japan 12.4%, US 6.5%, South Korea 6.1% (2016)
Imports	$221.8 billion (2017 est.) $193.6 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 21	$215.4 billion (2017 est.) $198.5 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Imports - commodities	machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)	motor vehicles, refined petroleum, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude petroleum, medicaments, goods vehicles, gold, computers
Imports - partners	Germany 28.3%, China 7.9%, Netherlands 6%, Russia 5.8%, Italy 5.3%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4.1% (2016)	China 23.4%, US 11.5%, Japan 7.8%, Thailand 5.6%, Germany 5.3%, South Korea 4.3% (2016)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$115 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 23	$60.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $55.07 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 36
Debt - external	$362 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $347.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 32	$1.67 trillion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.547 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 12
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home	$235.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $224.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 27	$647.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $617.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad	$68.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $64.52 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 39	$443.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $441.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Exchange rates	zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 3.75 (2017 est.) 3.95 (2016 est.) 3.95 (2015 est.) 3.77 (2014 est.) 3.15 (2013 est.)	Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.31 (2017 est.) 1.34 (2016 est.) 1.34 (2015 est.) 1.33 (2014 est.) 1.11 (2013 est.)

Poland

Australia

Economy - overview

Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government’s loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.

The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government’s ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU’s 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland’s economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.

Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland’s energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.

Following two decades of continuous growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable financial system, Australia enters 2018 facing a range of growth constraints, principally driven by the sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities. Demand for resources and energy from Asia and especially China is growing at a slower pace and sharp drops in export prices have impacted growth.

The services sector is the largest part of the Australian economy, accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of jobs. Australia was comparatively unaffected by the global financial crisis as the banking system has remained strong and inflation is under control.

Australia benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trade in recent years, although this trend has reversed due to falling global commodity prices. Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas Project, will significantly expand the resources sector.

Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. The process of opening up has increased productivity, stimulated growth, and made the economy more flexible and dynamic. Australia plays an active role in the WTO, APEC, the G20, and other trade forums. Australia’s free trade agreement (FTA) with China entered into force in 2015, adding to existing FTAs with the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia continues to negotiate bilateral agreements with Indonesia, as well as larger agreements with its Pacific neighbors and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership that includes the 10 ASEAN countries and China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and India.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.111 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.07 trillion (2016 est.)

$1.042 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 25

$1.235 trillion (2017 est.)

$1.209 trillion (2016 est.)

$1.179 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 20

GDP (official exchange rate)

$510 billion (2017 est.)

$1.39 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3.8% (2017 est.)

2.6% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 78

2.2% (2017 est.)

2.5% (2016 est.)

2.4% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 146

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$29,300 (2017 est.)

$28,200 (2016 est.)

$27,400 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 66

$49,900 (2017 est.)

$49,600 (2016 est.)

$49,100 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 28

Gross national saving

19% of GDP (2017 est.)

19.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

19.9% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 96

22.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

21.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

22.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 72

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 58.8%

government consumption: 18.1%

investment in fixed capital: 17.8%

investment in inventories: 0.8%

exports of goods and services: 56.2%

imports of goods and services: -51.8% (2017 est.)

household consumption: 57.1%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed capital: 24.2%

investment in inventories: 0%

exports of goods and services: 20.5%

imports of goods and services: -20.8% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 2.4%

industry: 40.2%

services: 64.3% (2017 est.)

agriculture: 3.6%

industry: 26.1%

services: 70.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy

wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry

Industries

machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel

Industrial production growth rate

4.2% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 64

1% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 170

Labor force

17.6 million (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 37

12.91 million (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 45

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 11.5%

industry: 30.4%

services: 57.6% (2015 est.)

agriculture: 3.6%

industry: 21.1%

services: 75.3% (2009 est.)

Unemployment rate

4.8% (2017 est.)

6.2% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 65

5.6% (2017 est.)

5.7% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 79

Population below poverty line

17.6% (2015 est.)

NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 23.9% (2015 est.)

lowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 25.4% (1994 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

30.8 (2015 est.)

33.7 (2008 est.)

country comparison to the world: 126

30.3 (2008 est.)

35.2 (1994 est.)

country comparison to the world: 132

Budget

revenues: $90.8 billion

expenditures: $102.2 billion (2017 est.)

revenues: $461 billion

expenditures: $484.9 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 171

33.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 66

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 93

-1.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 73

Public debt

46.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

48.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

country comparison to the world: 115

47.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

46.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 111

Fiscal year

calendar year

1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.9% (2017 est.)

-0.6% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 87

2% (2017 est.)

1.3% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 89

Central bank discount rate

1.5% (31 December 2017 est.)

2% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 123

3% (28 February 2013 est.)

4.35% (31 December 2010 est.)

note: this is the Reserve Bank of Australia's "cash rate target," or policy rate

country comparison to the world: 107

Commercial bank prime lending rate

4.8% (31 December 2017 est.)

4.74% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 148

5.3% (31 December 2017 est.)

5.42% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 140

Stock of narrow money

$255.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$195.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 21

$271.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$243.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

Stock of broad money

$374.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$300.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30

$1.586 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.415 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

Stock of domestic credit

$413.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$336.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 31

$2.336 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

Market value of publicly traded shares

$261.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$277.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$351.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30

$1.187 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)

$1.289 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)

$1.366 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

Current account balance

$-4.958 billion (2017 est.)

$-959 million (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 175

$-21.68 billion (2017 est.)

$-33.31 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 192

Exports

$221.4 billion (2017 est.)

$195.7 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 26

$224.5 billion (2017 est.)

$191.7 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

Exports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2012 est.)

iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, beef, aluminum ores and conc, wheat, meat (excluding beef), wool, alumina, alcohol

Exports - partners

Germany 27.3%, UK 6.6%, Czech Republic 6.6%, France 5.4%, Italy 4.8%, Netherlands 4.5% (2016)

China 30.5%, Japan 12.4%, US 6.5%, South Korea 6.1% (2016)

Imports

$221.8 billion (2017 est.)

$193.6 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 21

$215.4 billion (2017 est.)

$198.5 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)

motor vehicles, refined petroleum, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude petroleum, medicaments, goods vehicles, gold, computers

Imports - partners

Germany 28.3%, China 7.9%, Netherlands 6%, Russia 5.8%, Italy 5.3%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4.1% (2016)

China 23.4%, US 11.5%, Japan 7.8%, Thailand 5.6%, Germany 5.3%, South Korea 4.3% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$115 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 23

$60.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$55.07 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 36

Debt - external

$362 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$347.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32

$1.67 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.547 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$235.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$224.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 27

$647.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$617.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$68.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$64.52 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

$443.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$441.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Exchange rates

zlotych (PLN) per US dollar -

3.75 (2017 est.)

3.95 (2016 est.)

3.95 (2015 est.)

3.77 (2014 est.)

3.15 (2013 est.)

Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar -

1.31 (2017 est.)

1.34 (2016 est.)

1.34 (2015 est.)

1.33 (2014 est.)

1.11 (2013 est.)

Energy comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Poland

Australia

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

152.1 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 27

237.9 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Electricity - consumption

141.3 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

223.6 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Electricity - exports

12.02 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

0 kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 102

Electricity - imports

14.02 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

0 kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 121

Electricity - installed generating capacity

37.32 million kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29

67.03 million kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Electricity - from fossil fuels

77.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 92

72.9% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 98

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 164

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 43

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

1.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 142

10.9% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 116

Electricity - from other renewable sources

18.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

16.1% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 43

Crude oil - production

20,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 68

289,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

Crude oil - exports

4,520 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 64

213,600 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29

Crude oil - imports

490,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

339,500 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

Crude oil - proved reserves

137.8 million bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 69

1.821 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

Refined petroleum products - production

557,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30

472,100 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

Refined petroleum products - consumption

578,200 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

1.1 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 21

Refined petroleum products - exports

135,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 38

60,290 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 50

Refined petroleum products - imports

173,500 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 37

564,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 14

Natural gas - production

6.132 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 48

67.2 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 13

Natural gas - consumption

26.78 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

46.99 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Natural gas - exports

56 million cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 50

34.06 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 11

Natural gas - imports

12.12 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

6.373 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 32

Natural gas - proved reserves

81.66 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 58

1.989 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

296 million Mt (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 22

385 million Mt (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Communications comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Telephones - fixed lines	total subscriptions: 8,143,145 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 23	total subscriptions: 8.18 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Telephones - mobile cellular	total: 53,001,776 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 138 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 28	total: 26.551 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 114 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 48
Telephone system	general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services domestic: several nation-wide networks provide mobile-cellular service; coverage is generally good; fixed-line service lags in rural areas international: country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2015)	general assessment: excellent domestic and international service domestic: domestic satellite system; significant use of radiotelephone in areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile telephones international: country code - 61; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable with links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; the Southern Cross fiber-optic submarine cable provides links to NZ and the US; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat, 2 Globalstar, 5 other (2015)
Broadcast media	state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2007)	the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) runs multiple national and local radio networks and TV stations, as well as Australia Network, a TV service that broadcasts throughout the Asia-Pacific region and is the main public broadcaster; Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), a second large public broadcaster, operates radio and TV networks broadcasting in multiple languages; several large national commercial TV networks, a large number of local commercial TV stations, and hundreds of commercial radio stations are accessible; cable and satellite systems are available (2009)
Internet country code	.pl	.au
Internet users	total: 28,237,820 percent of population: 73.3% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 28	total: 20,288,409 percent of population: 88.2% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 34

Transportation comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
National air transport system	number of registered air carriers: 6 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 92 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,841,128 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 120,016,466 mt-km (2015)	number of registered air carriers: 25 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 583 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 69,294,187 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,887,295,820 mt-km (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix	SP (2016)	VH (2016)
Airports	126 (2013) country comparison to the world: 47	480 (2013) country comparison to the world: 16
Airports - with paved runways	total: 87 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 1,524 to 2,437 m: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 6 (2017)	total: 349 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 155 914 to 1,523 m: 155 under 914 m: 14 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 39 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 21 (2013)	total: 131 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 101 under 914 m: 14 (2013)
Heliports	6 (2013)	1 (2013)
Pipelines	gas 14,198 km; oil 1,374 km; refined products 2,483 km (2016)	condensate/gas 637 km; gas 30,054 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km; oil 3,609 km; oil/gas/water 110 km; refined products 72 km (2013)
Railways	total: 19,231 km broad gauge: 395 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 18,836 km 1.435-m gauge (11,874 km electrified) (2016) country comparison to the world: 15	total: 33,343 km broad gauge: 3,247 km 1.600-m gauge (372 km electrified) standard gauge: 17,446 km 1.435-m gauge (650 km electrified) narrow gauge: 12,318 km 1.067-m gauge (2,075.5 km electrified) other gauge: 35 km (2015) country comparison to the world: 7
Roadways	total: 420,000 km paved: 291,000 km (includes 1,492 km of expressways, 1,559 of motorways) unpaved: 129,000 km (2016) country comparison to the world: 17	total: 873,573 km urban: 145,928 km non-urban: 727,645 km (2015) country comparison to the world: 9
Waterways	3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2009) country comparison to the world: 27	2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling River systems) (2011) country comparison to the world: 42
Merchant marine	total: 152 by type: container ship 1, general cargo 13, oil tanker 7, other 131 (2017) country comparison to the world: 73	total: 549 by type: bulk carrier 4, general cargo 83, oil tanker 10, other 452 (2017) country comparison to the world: 39
Ports and terminals	major seaport(s): Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie river port(s): Szczecin (River Oder) LNG terminal(s) (import): Swinoujscie	major seaport(s): Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Gladstone, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Adelaide, Port Kembla, Sydney dry bulk cargo port(s): Dampier (iron ore), Dalrymple Bay (coal), Hay Point (coal), Port Hedland (iron ore), Port Walcott (iron ore) container port(s) (TEUs): Brisbane (1,152,000), Melbourne (2,638,000), Sydney (2,330,000) (2015) LNG terminal(s) (export): Darwin, Karratha, Burrup, Curtis Island

Military comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Military expenditures	1.99% of GDP (2017) 1.99% of GDP (2016) 2.14% of GDP (2015) 1.9% of GDP (2014) 1.77% of GDP (2013) country comparison to the world: 49	2% of GDP (2016) 1.98% of GDP (2015) 1.8% of GDP (2014) 1.68% of GDP (2013) 1.7% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 48
Military branches	Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Special Forces, Territorial Defense Force (2017) note: Territorial Defense Force only began recruitment in winter 2016	Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army (includes Special Operations Command), Royal Australian Navy (includes Naval Aviation Force), Royal Australian Air Force, Joint Operations Command (JOC) (2016)
Military service age and obligation	18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 18 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2018)	17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in most combat roles (2018)

Poland

Australia

Military expenditures

1.99% of GDP (2017)

1.99% of GDP (2016)

2.14% of GDP (2015)

1.9% of GDP (2014)

1.77% of GDP (2013)

country comparison to the world: 49

2% of GDP (2016)

1.98% of GDP (2015)

1.8% of GDP (2014)

1.68% of GDP (2013)

1.7% of GDP (2012)

country comparison to the world: 48

Military branches

Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Special Forces, Territorial Defense Force (2017)

note: Territorial Defense Force only began recruitment in winter 2016

Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army (includes Special Operations Command), Royal Australian Navy (includes Naval Aviation Force), Royal Australian Air Force, Joint Operations Command (JOC) (2016)

Military service age and obligation

18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; professional soldiers serve on a permanent basis (for an unspecified period of time) or on a contract basis (for a specified period of time); initial contract period is 18 months; women serve in the military on the same terms as men (2018)

17 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; women allowed to serve in most combat roles (2018)

Transnational comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

	Poland	Australia
Disputes - international	as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine	in 2018, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a permanent maritime border treaty, scrapping a 2007 development zone and revenue sharing arrangement between the countries; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; Australia's 2004 submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf extends its continental margins over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percent beyond its claimed EEZ; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing
Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 71,302 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015); 9,864 (Russia) (2016) stateless persons: 10,825 (2016)	refugees (country of origin): 9,217 (Afghanistan); 6,128 (Iran) (2016)
Illicit drugs	despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe	Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

Poland

Australia

Disputes - international

as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

in 2018, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a permanent maritime border treaty, scrapping a 2007 development zone and revenue sharing arrangement between the countries; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; Australia's 2004 submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf extends its continental margins over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percent beyond its claimed EEZ; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 71,302 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015); 9,864 (Russia) (2016)

stateless persons: 10,825 (2016)

refugees (country of origin): 9,217 (Afghanistan); 6,128 (Iran) (2016)

Illicit drugs

despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe

Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

PLN to AUD Historical Rates

year	by month
PLN to AUD in 2023	PLN to AUD in 2023-06 PLN to AUD in 2023-05 PLN to AUD in 2023-04 PLN to AUD in 2023-03 PLN to AUD in 2023-02 PLN to AUD in 2023-01
PLN to AUD in 2022	PLN to AUD in 2022-12 PLN to AUD in 2022-11 PLN to AUD in 2022-10 PLN to AUD in 2022-09 PLN to AUD in 2022-08 PLN to AUD in 2022-07 PLN to AUD in 2022-06 PLN to AUD in 2022-05 PLN to AUD in 2022-04 PLN to AUD in 2022-03 PLN to AUD in 2022-02 PLN to AUD in 2022-01
PLN to AUD in 2021	PLN to AUD in 2021-12 PLN to AUD in 2021-11 PLN to AUD in 2021-10 PLN to AUD in 2021-09 PLN to AUD in 2021-08 PLN to AUD in 2021-07 PLN to AUD in 2021-06 PLN to AUD in 2021-05 PLN to AUD in 2021-04 PLN to AUD in 2021-03 PLN to AUD in 2021-02 PLN to AUD in 2021-01
PLN to AUD in 2020	PLN to AUD in 2020-12 PLN to AUD in 2020-11 PLN to AUD in 2020-10 PLN to AUD in 2020-09 PLN to AUD in 2020-08 PLN to AUD in 2020-07 PLN to AUD in 2020-06 PLN to AUD in 2020-05 PLN to AUD in 2020-04 PLN to AUD in 2020-03 PLN to AUD in 2020-02 PLN to AUD in 2020-01
PLN to AUD in 2019	PLN to AUD in 2019-12 PLN to AUD in 2019-11 PLN to AUD in 2019-10 PLN to AUD in 2019-09 PLN to AUD in 2019-08 PLN to AUD in 2019-07 PLN to AUD in 2019-06 PLN to AUD in 2019-05 PLN to AUD in 2019-04 PLN to AUD in 2019-03 PLN to AUD in 2019-02 PLN to AUD in 2019-01
PLN to AUD in 2018	PLN to AUD in 2018-12 PLN to AUD in 2018-11 PLN to AUD in 2018-10 PLN to AUD in 2018-09 PLN to AUD in 2018-08 PLN to AUD in 2018-07 PLN to AUD in 2018-06 PLN to AUD in 2018-05 PLN to AUD in 2018-04 PLN to AUD in 2018-03 PLN to AUD in 2018-02 PLN to AUD in 2018-01
PLN to AUD in 2017	PLN to AUD in 2017-12 PLN to AUD in 2017-11 PLN to AUD in 2017-10 PLN to AUD in 2017-09 PLN to AUD in 2017-08 PLN to AUD in 2017-07 PLN to AUD in 2017-06 PLN to AUD in 2017-05 PLN to AUD in 2017-04 PLN to AUD in 2017-03 PLN to AUD in 2017-02 PLN to AUD in 2017-01
PLN to AUD in 2016	PLN to AUD in 2016-12 PLN to AUD in 2016-11 PLN to AUD in 2016-10 PLN to AUD in 2016-09 PLN to AUD in 2016-08 PLN to AUD in 2016-07 PLN to AUD in 2016-06 PLN to AUD in 2016-05 PLN to AUD in 2016-04 PLN to AUD in 2016-03 PLN to AUD in 2016-02 PLN to AUD in 2016-01
PLN to AUD in 2015	PLN to AUD in 2015-12 PLN to AUD in 2015-11 PLN to AUD in 2015-10 PLN to AUD in 2015-09 PLN to AUD in 2015-08 PLN to AUD in 2015-07 PLN to AUD in 2015-06 PLN to AUD in 2015-05 PLN to AUD in 2015-04 PLN to AUD in 2015-03 PLN to AUD in 2015-02 PLN to AUD in 2015-01
PLN to AUD in 2014	PLN to AUD in 2014-12 PLN to AUD in 2014-11 PLN to AUD in 2014-10 PLN to AUD in 2014-09 PLN to AUD in 2014-08 PLN to AUD in 2014-07 PLN to AUD in 2014-06 PLN to AUD in 2014-05 PLN to AUD in 2014-04 PLN to AUD in 2014-03 PLN to AUD in 2014-02 PLN to AUD in 2014-01
PLN to AUD in 2013	PLN to AUD in 2013-12 PLN to AUD in 2013-11 PLN to AUD in 2013-10 PLN to AUD in 2013-09 PLN to AUD in 2013-08 PLN to AUD in 2013-07 PLN to AUD in 2013-06 PLN to AUD in 2013-05 PLN to AUD in 2013-04 PLN to AUD in 2013-03 PLN to AUD in 2013-02 PLN to AUD in 2013-01
PLN to AUD in 2012	PLN to AUD in 2012-12 PLN to AUD in 2012-11 PLN to AUD in 2012-10 PLN to AUD in 2012-09 PLN to AUD in 2012-08 PLN to AUD in 2012-07 PLN to AUD in 2012-06 PLN to AUD in 2012-05 PLN to AUD in 2012-04 PLN to AUD in 2012-03 PLN to AUD in 2012-02 PLN to AUD in 2012-01
PLN to AUD in 2011	PLN to AUD in 2011-12 PLN to AUD in 2011-11 PLN to AUD in 2011-10 PLN to AUD in 2011-09 PLN to AUD in 2011-08 PLN to AUD in 2011-07 PLN to AUD in 2011-06 PLN to AUD in 2011-05 PLN to AUD in 2011-04 PLN to AUD in 2011-03 PLN to AUD in 2011-02 PLN to AUD in 2011-01
PLN to AUD in 2010	PLN to AUD in 2010-12 PLN to AUD in 2010-11 PLN to AUD in 2010-10 PLN to AUD in 2010-09 PLN to AUD in 2010-08 PLN to AUD in 2010-07 PLN to AUD in 2010-06 PLN to AUD in 2010-05 PLN to AUD in 2010-04 PLN to AUD in 2010-03 PLN to AUD in 2010-02 PLN to AUD in 2010-01
PLN to AUD in 2009	PLN to AUD in 2009-12 PLN to AUD in 2009-11 PLN to AUD in 2009-10 PLN to AUD in 2009-09 PLN to AUD in 2009-08 PLN to AUD in 2009-07 PLN to AUD in 2009-06 PLN to AUD in 2009-05 PLN to AUD in 2009-04 PLN to AUD in 2009-03 PLN to AUD in 2009-02 PLN to AUD in 2009-01
PLN to AUD in 2008	PLN to AUD in 2008-12 PLN to AUD in 2008-11 PLN to AUD in 2008-10 PLN to AUD in 2008-09 PLN to AUD in 2008-08 PLN to AUD in 2008-07 PLN to AUD in 2008-06 PLN to AUD in 2008-05 PLN to AUD in 2008-04 PLN to AUD in 2008-03 PLN to AUD in 2008-02 PLN to AUD in 2008-01
PLN to AUD in 2007	PLN to AUD in 2007-12 PLN to AUD in 2007-11 PLN to AUD in 2007-10 PLN to AUD in 2007-09 PLN to AUD in 2007-08 PLN to AUD in 2007-07 PLN to AUD in 2007-06 PLN to AUD in 2007-05 PLN to AUD in 2007-04 PLN to AUD in 2007-03 PLN to AUD in 2007-02 PLN to AUD in 2007-01
PLN to AUD in 2006	PLN to AUD in 2006-12 PLN to AUD in 2006-11 PLN to AUD in 2006-10 PLN to AUD in 2006-09 PLN to AUD in 2006-08 PLN to AUD in 2006-07 PLN to AUD in 2006-06 PLN to AUD in 2006-05 PLN to AUD in 2006-04 PLN to AUD in 2006-03 PLN to AUD in 2006-02 PLN to AUD in 2006-01
PLN to AUD in 2005	PLN to AUD in 2005-12 PLN to AUD in 2005-11 PLN to AUD in 2005-10 PLN to AUD in 2005-09 PLN to AUD in 2005-08 PLN to AUD in 2005-07 PLN to AUD in 2005-06 PLN to AUD in 2005-05 PLN to AUD in 2005-04 PLN to AUD in 2005-03 PLN to AUD in 2005-02 PLN to AUD in 2005-01
PLN to AUD in 2004	PLN to AUD in 2004-12 PLN to AUD in 2004-11 PLN to AUD in 2004-10 PLN to AUD in 2004-09 PLN to AUD in 2004-08 PLN to AUD in 2004-07 PLN to AUD in 2004-06 PLN to AUD in 2004-05 PLN to AUD in 2004-04 PLN to AUD in 2004-03 PLN to AUD in 2004-02 PLN to AUD in 2004-01
PLN to AUD in 2003	PLN to AUD in 2003-12 PLN to AUD in 2003-11 PLN to AUD in 2003-10 PLN to AUD in 2003-09 PLN to AUD in 2003-08 PLN to AUD in 2003-07 PLN to AUD in 2003-06 PLN to AUD in 2003-05 PLN to AUD in 2003-04 PLN to AUD in 2003-03 PLN to AUD in 2003-02 PLN to AUD in 2003-01
PLN to AUD in 2002	PLN to AUD in 2002-12 PLN to AUD in 2002-11 PLN to AUD in 2002-10 PLN to AUD in 2002-09 PLN to AUD in 2002-08 PLN to AUD in 2002-07 PLN to AUD in 2002-06 PLN to AUD in 2002-05 PLN to AUD in 2002-04 PLN to AUD in 2002-03 PLN to AUD in 2002-02 PLN to AUD in 2002-01
PLN to AUD in 2001	PLN to AUD in 2001-12 PLN to AUD in 2001-11 PLN to AUD in 2001-10 PLN to AUD in 2001-09 PLN to AUD in 2001-08 PLN to AUD in 2001-07 PLN to AUD in 2001-06 PLN to AUD in 2001-05 PLN to AUD in 2001-04 PLN to AUD in 2001-03 PLN to AUD in 2001-02 PLN to AUD in 2001-01
PLN to AUD in 2000	PLN to AUD in 2000-12 PLN to AUD in 2000-11 PLN to AUD in 2000-10 PLN to AUD in 2000-09 PLN to AUD in 2000-08 PLN to AUD in 2000-07 PLN to AUD in 2000-06 PLN to AUD in 2000-05 PLN to AUD in 2000-04 PLN to AUD in 2000-03 PLN to AUD in 2000-02 PLN to AUD in 2000-01

All PLN Exchange Rates Now

Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate
PLN to AED rate	0.884 ▼	PLN to ALL rate	23.95285 ▲	PLN to ANG rate	0.4323 ▼
PLN to ARS rate	58.91251 ▼	PLN to AUD rate	0.35847 ▼	PLN to AWG rate	0.43386 ▼
PLN to BBD rate	0.48207 ▼	PLN to BDT rate	25.96733 ▼	PLN to BGN rate	0.4374 ▲
PLN to BHD rate	0.09086 ▼	PLN to BIF rate	680.50641 ▼	PLN to BMD rate	0.24103 ▼
PLN to BND rate	0.32474 ▼	PLN to BOB rate	1.66534 ▼	PLN to BRL rate	1.18683 ▼
PLN to BSD rate	0.24103 ▼	PLN to BTN rate	19.89849 ▼	PLN to BZD rate	0.48349 ▼
PLN to CAD rate	0.32128 ▼	PLN to CHF rate	0.21691 ▲	PLN to CLP rate	190.20794 ▲
PLN to CNY rate	1.71677 ▲	PLN to COP rate	1013.87662 ▲	PLN to CRC rate	128.81005 ▼
PLN to CZK rate	5.28687 ▼	PLN to DKK rate	1.66659 ▲	PLN to DOP rate	13.15151 ▼
PLN to DZD rate	32.84787 ▲	PLN to EGP rate	7.45986 ▼	PLN to ETB rate	13.10989 ▼
PLN to EUR rate	0.22363 ▲	PLN to FJD rate	0.53624 ▲	PLN to GBP rate	0.19206 ▲
PLN to GMD rate	14.32953 ▼	PLN to GNF rate	2086.15786 ▼	PLN to GTQ rate	1.87828 ▼
PLN to HKD rate	1.88897 ▼	PLN to HNL rate	5.95597 ▲	PLN to HRK rate	1.6856 ▲
PLN to HTG rate	33.46128 ▼	PLN to HUF rate	82.55237 ▼	PLN to IDR rate	3576.15727 ▼
PLN to ILS rate	0.87484 ▼	PLN to INR rate	19.87333 ▼	PLN to IQD rate	313.99942 ▼
PLN to IRR rate	10185.23489 ▼	PLN to ISK rate	33.43878 ▲	PLN to JMD rate	37.33976 ▼
PLN to JOD rate	0.17099 ▼	PLN to JPY rate	33.63663 ▲	PLN to KES rate	33.56412 ▼
PLN to KMF rate	110.9966 ▼	PLN to KRW rate	311.29483 ▼	PLN to KWD rate	0.07406 ▼
PLN to KYD rate	0.1999 ▼	PLN to KZT rate	107.03482 ▼	PLN to LBP rate	3679.39916 ▼
PLN to LKR rate	70.88546 ▲	PLN to LSL rate	4.5481 ▼	PLN to MAD rate	2.44587 ▼
PLN to MDL rate	4.29043 ▲	PLN to MKD rate	13.83666 ▼	PLN to MNT rate	848.20214 ▼
PLN to MOP rate	1.9456 ▼	PLN to MUR rate	10.93094 ▼	PLN to MVR rate	3.7023 ▼
PLN to MWK rate	246.21471 ▼	PLN to MXN rate	4.18775 ▼	PLN to MYR rate	1.11189 ▼
PLN to NAD rate	4.5417 ▼	PLN to NGN rate	110.74735 ▼	PLN to NIO rate	8.80983 ▼
PLN to NOK rate	2.60985 ▼	PLN to NPR rate	31.83842 ▼	PLN to NZD rate	0.39491 ▼
PLN to OMR rate	0.0928 ▼	PLN to PAB rate	0.24103 ▼	PLN to PEN rate	0.87945 ▼
PLN to PGK rate	0.84965 ▼	PLN to PHP rate	13.51116 ▼	PLN to PKR rate	69.2132 ▼
PLN to PYG rate	1733.17752 ▼	PLN to QAR rate	0.87763 ▼	PLN to RON rate	1.10792 ▲
PLN to RUB rate	19.92025 ▲	PLN to RWF rate	273.1013 ▼	PLN to SAR rate	0.90401 ▼
PLN to SBD rate	2.00968 ▲	PLN to SCR rate	3.17911 ▼	PLN to SEK rate	2.60702 ▲
PLN to SGD rate	0.3234 ▼	PLN to SLL rate	4257.88314 ▼	PLN to SVC rate	2.09895 ▼
PLN to SZL rate	4.54453 ▼	PLN to THB rate	8.33945 ▼	PLN to TND rate	0.74781 ▼
PLN to TOP rate	0.57082 ▼	PLN to TRY rate	5.66447 ▲	PLN to TTD rate	1.63322 ▼
PLN to TWD rate	7.4093 ▲	PLN to TZS rate	572.45811 ▼	PLN to UAH rate	8.85755 ▼
PLN to UGX rate	897.15801 ▼	PLN to USD rate	0.24087 ▼	PLN to UYU rate	9.39309 ▼
PLN to VUV rate	28.6781 ▼	PLN to WST rate	0.65694 ▼	PLN to XAF rate	146.72958 ▲
PLN to XCD rate	0.65141 ▼	PLN to XOF rate	146.72958 ▲	PLN to XPF rate	26.69305 ▲
PLN to YER rate	60.33107 ▼	PLN to ZAR rate	4.53405 ▼

Top

PLN to AUD Live Rate

PLN to AUD Rate Chart

PLN Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Economic indicators of Poland and Australia

PLN to AUD Historical Rates(table)

PLN to AUD Handy Conversion

Comparison between Poland and Australia

Background comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Geography comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

People comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Government comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Economy comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Energy comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Communications comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Transportation comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Military comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

Transnational comparison between [Poland] and [Australia]

PLN to AUD Historical Rates

All PLN Exchange Rates Now